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专题01 动词不定式
Regular eye tests are important for everyone. Children and teenagers have the right ①to have eye tests for free in Britain. As the eye test is free, there's no excuse for not having a regular eye test. Doctors suggest that it's better ②to have an eye test about once a year. Wearing glasses isn't always regarded as all that cool and teens who suddenly need ③to wear glasses may find it difficult ④to accept. However, if your eyes are in poor health, not wearing glasses can put even more pressure on your eyes and could make them even worse. Thankfully, the days of little choice of glasses frames (框架) for teenagers are gone and there are many kinds of frames ⑤to choose from. If a teen does need ⑥to wear glasses, then it's good ⑦to let him or her choose the type. Don't forget ⑧to be guided by the experts on glasses, too.
1．加黑处②、⑦为动词不定式短语作。
2．加黑处③、④、⑥、⑧为动词不定式短语作。
3．加黑处①、⑤为动词不定式短语作。
精讲精练
动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，它没有人称和数的变化。动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等，但不能作谓语。
一、动词不定式的结构
1．基本结构：to＋动词原形，有时不定式符号to可以省略。
2．否定形式：not to＋动词原形。
3．不定式有形式和语态的变化，通常有以下几种形式(以do为例)：
形式
| 主动
| 被动
| 一般式
| to do
| to be done
| 完成式
| to have done
| to have been done
| 进行式
| to be doing
| | 完成进行式
| to have been doing
| |
[即时演练1]——单句语法填空
(1)Where can we get some sickles(镰刀) (cut) the rice with?
(2)I hate (lie) in bed like this while other students are having class.
(3)The vocabulary and grammar of the plot need (adjust), and we also need your guidance on our performance.
(4)The doctor claimed (discover) a cure for the disease already.
二、动词不定式的用法
1．作主语
动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种：
(1)不定式置于句首。
*To do this is to cut the foot to fit the shoe.
这样做是削足适履。
(2)用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于后面，特别是不定式短语较长时，这样可以避免句子“头重脚轻”。
*It is important to master the knowledge of computer.
掌握电脑知识很重要。
[温馨提示]
(1)若要说明不定式表示的动作的发出者，要在不定式前加for引起的短语，构成“for＋名词(或代词宾格)＋不定式”结构，这一结构被称为不定式的复合结构。
*It's easy for him to work out this math problem.
对他来说解出这道数学题很容易。
(2)在“It is/was＋adj.＋不定式复合结构”这一句型中，当其中的形容词是说明逻辑主语的性质、品质时，要由of引出逻辑主语，不能用for。这类形容词主要有clever、careless、foolish、kind、nice、polite、silly、stupid、wise等。
*It was careless of him to make such a mistake.
＝He was careless to make such a mistake.
犯了这样的错误，他太粗心了。
[即时演练2]——句型转换/完成句子
(1)To speak a foreign language well is difficult.
→
(2)记住足够多的单词是必要的。
It is necessary ．
2．作表语
不定式在系动词后作表语，往往说明主语的具体内容，且含有将来意义。
*My dream is to become a dancer.
我的梦想是成为一名舞蹈家。
[即时演练3]——完成句子
(1)最重要的是公平对待每个人。
The most important thing is ．
(2)我从小就有很多梦想。现在我的梦想是开一家咖啡馆。
I've had many dreams since I was a child.Now my dream is ．
3．作宾语
(1)直接作及物动词的宾语。常见的接不定式作宾语的动词有agree(同意)、aim(旨在)、choose(选择)、decide(决定)、demand(要求)、expect(期待)、fail(未履行)、help(帮助)、hope(希望)、learn(学会)、plan(计划)、prepare(准备)、refuse(拒绝)、tend(往往会)、want(想要)、wish(希望)等。
*I hope to have a new type of cellphone.
我希望有一部新款手机。
*My father finally agreed to help us.
最终，我的父亲同意帮助我们。
(2)用于“疑问词＋不定式”结构。不定式前可带what、who、which、where、when、how等疑问词。
*Li Jiang and Su Hua are discussing what to wear when receiving the British students next month.
李江和苏华正在讨论下个月接待英国学生时穿什么。
*Please tell us how to deal with the haze.
请告诉我们如何应对雾霾。
(3)常用于句型“主语＋v.＋it＋adj./n.＋to do sth.”，其中，it为形式宾语，to do sth.为真正的宾语。能用于这一句型的动词有believe、consider、feel、find、make、suppose、think等。
*I think it very necessary to protect the animals.
我认为保护动物非常有必要。
[即时演练4]——单句语法填空
(1)He has promised (help) me with my English.
(2)I like eating fried tomatoes with eggs, and I thought it must be easy to cook.My mom told me how (prepare) it.
(3)I think very useful to learn a foreign language.
(4)The driver failed (see) the other car in time.
4．作定语
(1)动词不定式作定语时，要放在它所修饰的名词或代词后面。
*I want to get something to read during the vacation.
我想在假期里找一些读的东西。
(2)如果不定式是不及物动词，后面就应有必要的介词。
*He is a pleasant person to work with.
他是个很好共事的人。
(3)当中心词为序数词、最高级、the last、the only等或中心词被这类词修饰时，常用不定式作定语。
*He was the last one to arrive here.
他是最后一个到达这里的人。
*He is the only person to know the truth.
他是唯一一个了解真相的人。
[即时演练5]——单句语法填空
(1)The plum trees are the first (flower) even as the snow is melting(融化).
(2)Agriculture gave people their first experience of the power of technology (change) lives.
(3)Sir, do you have some clothes (wash)?
(4)Give me a piece of paper to write ．
5．作状语
(1)表示目的。
*Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Chang'e-4 to find and study areas of the South Pole-Aitken basin.
中国研究人员希望利用嫦娥四号探测器上的仪器，寻找和研究南极艾特肯盆地地区。
*To help us prepare for the exam, the teacher suggested reading through our notes.
为了帮助我们准备考试，老师建议我们通读笔记。
[温馨提示]
作目的状语的不定式之前常加上in order或so as，但so as不能位于句首。
*She asked me to drive her to the airport in order/so as to catch the 5：00 plane.
为了赶上5点的飞机，她让我开车把她送到机场。
(2)表示结果。
动词不定式作结果状语时常用如下结构：
①enough＋n.＋to do 足够……
②n./adj./adv.＋enough＋to do
足够……
③too＋adj./adv.＋to do 太……而不能……
*The Californian ship arrived too late to save more people.
加利福尼亚号来得太晚了，以至于没能挽救更多的人。
[温馨提示]
不定式短语作结果状语时，常与only连用，暗示一种意外的结果。
*I hurried to the post office, only to find it closed.
我急忙赶到邮局，结果发现它关门了。
(3)表示原因。
①不定式作原因状语，常用在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后。
*I have enjoyed my visit to China.I'll be very sorry to leave.
我非常享受这次的中国之旅，但遗憾的是我要离开了。
②用于“be＋形容词(表示性质)＋不定式”结构中，常见的形容词有easy、hard、difficult、interesting、good、comfortable、safe、dangerous、impossible等。此句型中的不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。
*The box is not easy to carry.
这个箱子不易携带。
[即时演练6]——完成句子
(1)为了减少空气污染，我们应该乘坐公共交通工具，而不是私家车。
we should take the public transports rather than the private cars.
(2)凯特是一个容易相处的女孩，我们都喜欢她。
Kate is a girl who is and we all like her.
(3)他匆忙赶到车站，却发现火车已经开走了。
He hurried to the station, only ．
(4)听说你奶奶生病了，我很难过。
I'm sorry ．
6．作宾语补足语
(1)不定式常跟在下列动词之后作宾语补足语：ask、advise、allow、cause、encourage、expect、invite、notice、order、teach、tell、warn等。
*She asked me to answer the phone in her absence.
她要我在她不在的时候接电话。
*Who taught you to play the music?
谁教你弹这首曲子的？
(2)当动词不定式在使役动词 let、have、make后和感官动词(短语)see、watch、look at、notice、hear、listen to、feel等后作宾语补足语时，常省略to。get除外(get sb.to do sth.)。
*The teacher had us recite the text every day.
老师让我们每天背诵课文。
* Our mother made us go to bed at a certain time. 我们的妈妈让我们在某一固定时间上床睡觉。
[温馨提示]
上述动词变为被动语态时不能省略不定式符号to。
*Someone saw the children run down the street.
→The children were seen to run down the street by someone.
有人看到孩子们沿着这条街跑了。
[即时演练7]——单句语法填空
(1)My friend invited me (see) the new film yesterday.
(2)The boy was made (study) all day.
(3)His parents don't allow him (go) out at night.
基础知识随堂练
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．The next morning he hired a boat and set out ____(find) the well-known painter.
2．Sandy hurried to my room and asked me how (go) there.
3．No matter where he is, he makes it a rule (go) for a walk before breakfast.
4．The local government doesn't have to sacrifice environmental protection (promote) economic growth.
5．Whether travelling abroad will do harm to the senior or not remains (see).
6．There were many talented actors out there just waiting ____(discover).
7．The students are looking forward to having a chance ____(explore) the topic with the lecturer.
8．They are easy (care) for and make great presents.
9．They don't allow smoking here.That is to say, we are not allowed (smoke) here.
10．It is an honour ____(invite) to the meeting.
11．(be) honest, the pay isn't attractive enough, though the job itself is quite interesting.
12．(complete) the project as planned, we'll have to work two more hours a day.
Ⅱ.语法与写作(用动词不定式完成句子)
1．我没有料到你会来得这么快。
I didn't so soon.
2．他请我谈谈英语学习。
He English study.
3．这张地图可以告诉你往哪儿走。
The map can show you ．
4．这项交流计划旨在促进两国之间的相互了解。
The purpose of the exchange program is ．
5．为了抢救那个儿童，他献出了自己的生命。
he laid down his life.
6．他们没有房子住。
They have no houses ．
7．请提醒我开会不要迟到。
Please the meeting.
8．爱与被爱是一个人所能寻找的最大幸福。
____ is the greatest happiness one can seek.
9．人们为钱而结婚是错误的。
for money.
10．她找不到可交朋友的人。
She can find no one ．
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