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专题02 定语从句
The books on the desks, ①whose covers are shiny, are prizes for us.The books are well written and well printed.There are few, if any, mistakes in it.
This is the book ②that I have read dozens of times.When you read the book, you'd better make a mark ③where you have any questions.From this experience I have learned that questioning can serve as a bridge ④that/which helps us to seek the truth.
The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication, especially at work ⑤where a good impression is a must.
I am looking forward to the day ⑥when my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.
I borrowed the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week, ⑦which my classmate recommended to me.But he has never read it.
1．加黑处①、⑦为关系引导的非限制性定语从句；其中加黑处①在从句中作，加黑处⑦在从句中作。
2．加黑处②、④为关系引导的限制性定语从句；其中加黑处②在从句中作，加黑处④在从句中作。
3．加黑处③、⑤和⑥为关系引导的限制性定语从句；其中加黑处③、⑤在从句中作，加黑处⑥在从句中作。
精讲精练
一、定语从句的基本概述
1．定语从句的定义
在复合句中修饰或限定主句中某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句，它所修饰的名词或代词叫作先行词。限制性定语从句与先行词之间的关系非常密切，从句说明先行词的性质、身份、特征等状况。限制性定语从句不能省略，否则句意就不完整。引导定语从句的关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。
2．关系词的作用
(1)连接主句和从句；(2)指代先行词；(3)在从句中充当句子成分。
3．关系词的分类
(1)关系代词：who、whom、whose、which、that、as(本单元讲前五个的用法)；(2)关系副词： when、where、why。
二、关系代词的基本用法
关系代词用于替代指人或物的先行词，在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。
1．who指人，在定语从句中可以作主语或宾语。
*Here comes the girl who wants to see you.
想见你的那个女孩过来了。(who在从句中作主语)
*He is the man who I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见到的那个人。(who在从句中作宾语)
2．whom指人，在定语从句中只作宾语，可省略，也可用who代替。若whom前有介词，则不能用who代替，也不可省略。
*Rose is the person (whom/who) you should look after.
罗丝是你应该照顾的人。
*When I have trouble, he is the only one to whom I can go for help.
当我有困难时，他是我唯一可以求助的人。
3．whose指人或物，在定语从句中作定语。
*They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
那个人的车坏了，他们冲过去帮忙。
*Please pass me the book whose cover is green.
请递给我那本绿皮的书。
4．which一般指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时一般可省略。
*China is a country which has a long history.
中国是一个历史悠久的国家。(which在从句中作主语)
*The package (which) you are carrying is about to fall.
你拿的包裹快掉了。(which在从句中作宾语)
5．that既可指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时一般可省略。 指人时一般可用who替代，指物时一般可用which代替。
*The number of people that/who come to visit this city each year reaches one million. 每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。(that/who在从句中作主语)
*The chair (that/which) you broke yesterday is now being repaired. 你昨天弄坏的那把椅子现在正在修。(that/which在从句中作宾语)
[温馨提示]
关系代词代替先行词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、定语或表语，因此定语从句中不能再出现关系代词所代替的名词或代词。
*The book (that/which) you lent it to me yesterday is very interesting.[误]
* The book (that/which) you lent to me yesterday is very interesting.[正]
昨天你借我的那本书十分有趣。
[即时演练1]——用适当的关系词填空
(1)In ancient China lived an artist paintings were almost lifelike.
(2)They were well trained by their masters had great experience with caring for these animals.
(3)The 80，000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, formed the core collection of the British Museum opened in 1759.
三、关系代词的选择
1．宜用that不用which的情况
(1)当先行词是all、much、anything、something、everything、nothing、little、none等不定代词时。
*She told me everything that she knew.
她把她所知道的一切都告诉了我。
(2)当先行词被all、no、few、any、little、some、much、last、only、very等修饰时。
*I've read all the books that were borrowed from others.
我已经读了从别人那儿借来的所有书。
*Mr Smith is the only foreigner that she knows.
史密斯先生是她唯一认识的外国人。
(3)当先行词为序数词、形容词最高级或被这两者修饰时。
*This is the most exciting football game that I have ever seen.
这是我看过的最激动人心的足球比赛。
*The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.
在桂林他们参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。
(4)当先行词既有人又有物时。
*I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.
我能清楚地记得我在那个房间里所见到的人和一些照片。
*The foreign visitors spoke highly of the young pioneers and their performances that they saw at the Children's Palace.
外国游客高度赞扬了他们在少年宫所看到的少先队员以及他们的表演。
2．宜用which不用that的情况
(1)引导非限制性定语从句时。
*The bookstore provides us with all the books we need, which makes us very moved. 这家书店给我们提供了所有我们需要的书，这使我们非常感动。
(2)在定语从句中作介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前时。
*I'm looking for a container in which I can put all these peaches.
我正在找一个能放下所有这些桃子的容器。
(3)在限制性定语从句中，如果有两个定语从句，其中前一个的关系代词是that，那么后一个的关系代词宜用which。
*Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly opened.
我给你看看这本从新开放的图书馆借来的小说。
3．宜用who不用that的情况
(1)先行词为指人的不定代词时，如one、anyone、no one、all、nobody、anybody、none等，或先行词为those或被其修饰且指人时。
*The student you should learn from is the one who works hard and studies well.
你应该向那个努力学习而且学习好的学生学习。
(2)一个句子中含有两个定语从句，且先行词都为人时，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个一般用who。
*The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard. 昨晚你遇到的那个男孩是那个学习非常努力的小组组长。
[即时演练2]——用适当的关系词填空
(1)As a grassroots singer, she reads everything she can get hold of concerning music, and takes every opportunity to improve herself.
(2)The students benefitting most from college are those are totally engaged (参与) in academic life, taking full advantage of the college's chances and resources (资源).
(3)Please send us all the information you have about the candidate for the position.
四、关系副词引导的定语从句
当先行词在定语从句中作状语时，通常要用关系副词引导定语从句。常用的关系副词有when、where和why。
1．关系副词when
(1)when引导的定语从句的先行词往往是表示时间的名词，如time、day、hour、month、year等，在从句中作时间状语。
*There used to be a time when I hated going to school.
我有一段时间讨厌去上学。
(2)when既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。
(3)关系副词when常可用“介词＋which”来代替。
*I'll never forget the days when we stayed in the countryside.
我永远忘不了我们待在乡下的日子。
(when引导限制性定语从句，可用 on which代替)
*Do you still remember the time when we met our old friend John?
你还记得我们遇见我们的老朋友约翰的时候吗？
(when引导限制性定语从句，可用 at which 代替)
*In the old days，when our country was not so strong, peasants lived a hard life.
在过去，我们的国家还没有这么富强的时候，农民们过着苦日子。
(when引导非限制性定语从句，可用in which 代替)
[即时演练3]——单句语法填空
(1)She remembers the night everything changed.
(2)One afternoon I was in primary school, I was walking by the school playground.
(3)Between the two parts of the concert is an interval, the audience can buy icecream.
2．关系副词where
(1)where引导的定语从句的先行词往往是表示地点的名词，如place、room、hall、house、spot、school、country等，在从句中作地点状语。
*They went into the hall where the meeting was being held.
他们走进正在开会的大厅。
(2)where既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。
(3)关系副词where常可用“介词＋关系代词”来代替。
*The office where he works is not far from here.
他工作的办公室离这儿不远。
(where引导限制性定语从句，可用at which代替)
*Opposite is St.Paul's Church, where you can hear some lovely music.
对面是圣保罗大教堂，在那里你可以听到一些美妙的音乐。
(where引导非限制性定语从句，可用in which代替)
[温馨提示]
where引导定语从句和状语从句的区别
引导定语从句时，where是关系副词，在从句中作地点状语，其前有表示地点的名词作先行词，从句修饰先行词；引导状语从句时，where是从属连词，从句修饰主句的谓语动词，where前面没有表示地点的名词。
*He's got himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane.(定语从句)
他使自己陷入了一种危险的境地，他很可能会失去对飞机的控制。
*When you read the book，you'd better make a mark where you have questions.(状语从句)
读这本书的时候，你最好在有疑问的地方做一下标记。
[即时演练4]——单句语法填空
(1)He wrote a letter he explained what had happened in the accident.
(2)Will you please give us a case the word can be used?
(3)They have reached the point they split up.
3．关系副词why
(1)why引导的定语从句的先行词往往是表示原因的名词，如reason、excuse、explanation等，在从句中作原因状语。
(2)关系副词 why 常可用“for＋which”来代替。
[温馨提示]
why不能引导非限制性定语从句。在非限制性定语从句中，先行词是 reason，关系副词在定语从句中作状语，应该用 for which 引导。
*The reason why he was absent sounds reasonable.
他缺席的原因听起来很合理。(why引导限制性定语从句，可用for which代替)
*I have told them the reason, for which I didn't attend the meeting yesterday.
我已经告诉他们我昨天没来开会的理由了。(非限制性定语从句，只能用 for which，而不能用why)
[即时演练5]——单句语法填空
(1)That's the reason she spoke.
(2)The reason I don't trust him is that he often tells lies.
(3)The reason he resigned is known to us.
五、关系副词和关系代词的选择
选择关系词可分为两步：
第一步：分析定语从句，看从句中所缺成分确定用关系副词还是关系代词。如从句中缺少主语、宾语、表语或定语，则选择关系代词；若从句中缺少状语，则用关系副词。
第二步：看先行词。如果根据第一步确定用关系代词且先行词指物，则可用that、which、whose、as，若先行词指人可用that、who(m)、whose等；若根据第一步确定用关系副词，先行词指时间用when，指地点用where，指原因用why。
*This is the factory (that/which) I visited last year.
这是我去年参观过的那家工厂。(visit 后缺少宾语，用关系代词；先行词指物，用that或which，作宾语时可以省略)
*This is the factory where he used to work.
这是他以前工作过的那家工厂。(从句中有主语，不需要宾语、表语、定语，用关系副词；先行词factory指地点，用where)
*Do you remember the days when we chatted with each other all night?
你还记得我们整夜聊天的那些日子吗？(从句中有主语，不需要宾语、表语、定语，用关系副词；先行词days指时间，用when)
*Do you remember the days (that/which) we spent together on the farm?
你还记得我们一起在农场度过的那些日子吗？(spent后缺少宾语，用关系代词；先行词指物，用that或which，作宾语时可以省略)
[即时演练6]——单句语法填空
(1)Is this the museum the exhibition was held?
(2)Understanding her good intentions，I eat all the food is provided by Mom with appreciation.
(3)Is this the museum you visited a few days ago?
(4)Thank you for your letter, really made me happy.
六、定语从句中的主谓一致
一般情况下，关系代词在从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词的人称和数一般与先行词的人称和数保持一致。
*The books that were sold out in two weeks were all written by Mr.Smith.
两周内卖光的那些书都是史密斯先生写的。
*I'm fond of the piece of music which was played by Jenny. 我喜欢珍妮演奏的那首曲子。
[温馨提示]
“one of the＋可数名词复数＋定语从句”结构中，定语从句的谓语动词用复数形式；而“the only/very/right one of the＋可数名词复数＋定语从句”结构中，定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。
*He is one of the players who were presented with the medal.
他是被授予了这个奖章的运动员之一。
*He is the only one of the players who was presented with the medal.
他是唯一一名被授予了这个奖章的运动员。
[即时演练7]——单句语法填空
(1)On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth that (give) off light in the dark.
(2)Barbara is easy to recognize as she's the only one of the women who (wear) evening dress.
基础知识随堂练
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．He was the only one of the boys was late for class.
2．The reason they succeed is that they work really hard.
3．We'll reach the sales targets in a month we set at the beginning of the year.
4．This novel is popular with those were born in the 1980s.
5．Today, the building in Amsterdam Anne and her family once lived is a museum called Anne Frank House.
6．(2021·天津卷3月)At the Chinese art festival, there are different stands artists demonstrate their skills and teach the visitors.
7．She is going to live in Beijing, she has some close friends.
8．I have seen most of the greatest buildings in the world are famous on the Internet.
9．The writer and his novel you have just talked about are really well-known.
10．There is no success without hard work; success is something is only earned after much labor.
Ⅱ.语法与写作(用定语从句完成句子)
1．她是公司里唯一一个受教育不多的员工。
She is the only one of the employees ．
2．你正在看的那幅画是一个盲人女孩画的。
The picture was drawn by a blind girl.
3．正在和我妈妈交谈的那个女孩是我的一个同学。
The girl is one of my classmates.
4．这是他参观过的最美丽的地方。
This is the most beautiful place ．
5．你要买那本内容非常鼓舞人的书吗？
Would you like to buy that book (用定语从句合并下列句子)
6．The house is very nice. We bought it last month.
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7．Students should involve themselves in community activities.They can gain experience for growth in these activities.
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8．On receiving the call, the police rushed to the scene. There a traffic accident happened.
→________
9．Is there any reason? They don't agree with each other on anything.
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10．We settled down in a small village. In front of the village ran a winding river.
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