21（选必3） Unit 3 Grammar—Direct speech & indirect speech（导学案1）

skybamboo · 发表于 7 天前

语法感知
感知以下课文原句，补全方框下的小题

(1)An expert said that from the position of its dead body，the bear appeared to have starved and died.
(2)Experts claimed that low seaice levels caused by climate change meant the bear could not hunt seals as before...
(3)Climate scientists have warned that if we do not take appropriate actions，this warming trend will probably continue and there will be a higher price to pay.

1．英语中常用两种方式引用别人说的话。一种是直接引述别人的原话，把它放在引号内，叫直接引语；另一种是用自己的话转述别人说的话，叫间接引语。
2．以上句子都是用自己的话转述别人的话，都是间接引语。
语法精析
英语中常用两种方式引用别人说的话。一种是直接引述别人的原话，把它放在引号内，叫直接引语；另一种是用自己的话转述别人说的话，叫间接引语。
She said，“I’m a dentist.”
她说：“我是一名牙医。”(直接引语)
→She said thatshewasadentist.
她说她是一名牙医。(间接引语)
如果把直接引语变为间接引语，从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语和地点状语等一般均要做相应的改变。其变动的一般规则如下：
一、人称变化的三原则
1．“第一人称随主”原则
如果直接引语中的主语是第一人称或被第一人所修饰，在间接引语中，从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称而变化。
Mary said，“I want to have a computer of my own.”
玛丽说：“我想有一台我自己的电脑。”(直接引语中为第一人称)
→Mary said that she wanted to have a computer of her own.
玛丽说，她想拥有一台她自己的电脑。(间接引语中随主语改为第三人称)
2．“第二人称随宾”原则
如果直接引语中的主语及宾语是第二人称或被第二人称修饰，在间接引语中，从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语，也可以用第一人称。
Her colleague said to her，“Who did you ask for a leave？”
她的同事对她说：“你向谁请了假？”(直接引语中为第二人称)
→Her colleague asked her who she had asked for a leave.
她的同事问她向谁请了假。(间接引语中随宾语改为第三人称)
3．“第三人称不更新”原则
指直接引语变间接引语时，如果直接引语中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称修饰，在间接引语中，从句中的人称一般不需要变化。
Mr Li said，“Jack is a good worker.”
李先生说：“杰克是一位好工人。”(直接引语为第三人称)
→Mr Li said Jack was a good worker.
李先生说杰克是一位好工人。(间接引语中人称不变)
二、时态的变化
直接引语变间接引语时，如果主句为过去时态，则间接引语的时态相应向前推一个时态。如下表所示：

	直接引语	间接引语
句子时态	一般现在时	一般过去时
	现在进行时	过去进行时
	现在完成时	过去完成时
	一般过去时	过去完成时
	过去完成时	不变
	一般将来时	过去将来时

His friend said to him，“We areplanning to have a picnic.”
他的朋友对他说：“我们计划去野餐。”(直接引语为现在进行时)
→His friend told him that they wereplanning to have a picnic.
他的朋友告诉他说，他们计划去野餐。(间接引语为过去进行时)
The organizer said，“We have begun our plan.”
组织者说：“我们已开始了我们的计划。”(直接引语为现在完成时)
→The organizer said that they hadbegun their plan.
组织者说，他们已开始了他们的计划。(间接引语为过去完成时)
注意：直接引语变间接引语，时态无变化的情况：
1．直接引语是客观真理、谚语或格言；
2．直接引语中有具体的过去的某年、某月、某日作状语。
My teacher said to us yesterday，“Earlybirdscatchworms.”
昨天老师对我们说：“早起的鸟儿有虫吃。”(直接引语是谚语)
→My teacher told us yesterday that earlybirdscatchworms.
昨天老师告诉我们早起的鸟儿有虫吃。(变成间接引语时态不变)
三、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语及方向性动词的变化

引语用词	直接引语	间接引语
指示代词	this这个	that那个
	these这些	those那些
时间状语	now现在	then那时
	today今天	that day那天
	this morning今天上午	that morning那天上午
	tonight今天晚上	that night那天晚上
	tomorrow明天	the next/following day第二天
	yesterday昨天	the day before前一天
	last night昨天晚上	the night before前一天晚上
	the day before yesterday前天	two days before两天前
	three days ago三天前	three days before三天前
	next week下一周	the next/following week第二周
	ago(至今)以前	before(那时)以前
地点状语	here这儿	there那儿
方向性动词	bring带来	take带走
	come来	go去

She asked，“Is this book his？”
她问：“这本书是他的吗？”(直接引语中用this)
→She asked whether that book was his.
她问那本书是不是他的。(间接引语中改为that)
“I’ll be very busy today，” said the man.
那个人说：“我今天会很忙。”(直接引语中用today)
→The man said he would be very busy thatday.
那个人说，那天他会很忙。(间接引语中改为that day)
四、连接词的选择
1．直接引语是陈述句，变为间接引语时，常变成由that引导的宾语从句。在口语中，that可以省略。
He said，“I was cooking when the earthquake happened.”
→He said (that) he was cooking when the earthquake happened.
2．直接引语是一般疑问句、选择疑问句或反意疑问句时，间接引语中用whether(...or ...或．..or not)或if引导。
He said，“Are you interested in English？”
→He asked (me) if/whether I was interested in English.
注意：如果主句中谓语动词是said，则将其改为asked。
3．直接引语为特殊疑问句时，间接引语仍用原句中的特殊疑问词来引导，其余的变化遵照直接引语和间接引语之间的转换规则来进行。
“What’s your name？” he asked me.
→He asked me what my name was.
注意：疑问句的直接引语变间接引语时，要把疑问语序变成陈述语序。
五、直接引语为祈使句时的变化
当直接引语为祈使句时，变间接引语时主句的谓语动词应根据直接引语的口气换用ask，invite，advise，warn，tell，order等词，而原直接引语中的谓语动词则变为不定式。
He said to me，“Don’t be late tomorrow.”
→He toldmenottobelate the next day.
The official said，“Get ready before lunch.”
→The official orderedustoget ready before lunch.

Ⅰ.将下列间接引语变为直接引语
1．He asked the boy why he had been late again.
Heaskedtheboy，“Whywereyoulateagain？”
2．He asked me to shut the window.
Hesaidtome，“Shutthewindow，please.”
3．The doctor told me not to drink too much.
Thedoctorsaidtome，“Don’tdrinktoomuch.”
4．The old man said that the boys over there were playing football.
Theoldmansaid，“Theboysoverthereareplayingfootball.”
5．The teacher told us that we would have an English test the next Saturday.
Theteachersaidtous，“WewillhaveanEnglishtestnextSaturday.”
Ⅱ.语法填空
Three months ago，I moved to Italy with my parents.One day，after playing badminton，I was about 6.(leave) the club when I saw Amma.She’s an old lady in her late 60s，and she is responsible 7. cleaning the floor of the club.At that time，she asked the boss of the
club 8.(give) her some cash.She told the boss that her hand 9.(be) in pain and she wanted to see the doctor.The boss gave her some excuses and escaped 10.(quick)．
I felt bad for her.11. I had never talked with Amma before，I walked to her and opened my wallet.I knew I didn’t have much money，but I gave her whatever I had in my wallet.In my 12.(break) Italian，I tried to say “Amma，please take the money and see a doctor”，but I didn’t know if my 13.(express) was correct.She seemed to have understood me and said “Thank you！”．
When I went to a nearby restaurant for dinner，surprisingly I found one bill,14. was more than enough for my meal.15. next day，I came across Amma，and even though it was very dark in the street，she recognized me and waved to me.
6．答案　to leave
解析　考查非谓语动词。be about to do sth.是固定搭配，表示“正要做某事”。
7．答案　for
解析　考查介词的用法。be responsible for对……负责。
8．答案　to give
解析　考查非谓语动词。此处是间接引语。ask sb.to do sth.请求某人做某事。
9．答案　was
解析　考查动词的时态和主谓一致。此处是间接引语。根据前面的told可知，此处用一般过去时；此处主语her hand为第三人称单数形式，故填was。
10．答案　quickly
解析　考查词性转换。此处修饰动词，故用副词形式。
11．答案　Although/Though/While
解析　考查连词。此空与后一句存在逻辑上的让步关系，所以用Although/Though/While引导让步状语从句。
12．答案　broken
解析　考查形容词。此处用形容词修饰名词，所以填broken。
13．答案　expression
解析　考查词性转换。my是形容词性物主代词，后接名词。expression n．表达。
14．答案　which
解析　考查定语从句。此处是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是one bill，所以此处填which。
15．答案　The
解析　考查冠词的用法。此处指“以过去某个时间为起点的第二天”，故用the next day表达。

基础巩固
Ⅰ.将下列直接引语变为间接引语
1．He asked her，“Where are you going？”
Heaskedherwhereshewasgoing.
2．“A friend in need is a friend indeed，” Mother said to me.
Mothertoldmethatafriendinneedisafriendindeed.
3．“You must finish it today，” the boss said to his secretary.
Thebosstoldhissecretarythatshe/hehadtofinishitthatday.
4．“How long have you worked in the company？”he asked me.
HeaskedmehowlongIhadworkedinthecompany.
5．“Will Mr Chen come to give us a lecture next week？” I asked Sara.
IaskedSarawhether/ifMrChenwouldcometogiveusalecturethenext/followingweek.
Ⅱ.单句写作
6．他说他担心那些动物会死于饥饿。
Hesaidthathewasworriedthatthoseanimalswoulddieof/fromstarvation.
7．父亲让我在空闲时间研究生态学。
Myfatheraskedmetostudyecologyinmysparetime.
8．那位专家建议我们尽快修复这座旧剧院。
Theexpertsuggestedthatwe(should)restoretheoldtheatreassoonaspossible.
9．导游告诉我们一些人正在视察那所学校。
Theguildtoldusthatsomepeoplewereinspectingtheschool.
10．妈妈问我是否能忍受那么恶劣的工作条件。
Mymotheraskedmewhether/ifIcouldtoleratesuchbadworkingconditions.
能力提升
Ⅲ.阅读理解
A
Many cities and towns have laws that require people to recycle paper and plastics.Now some state and local governments have passed laws that require citizens to recycle their food waste as well.California and Vermont have statewide laws about recycling food waste that apply to businesses and homes.The process of recycling food waste and turning it into usable soil is called composting(堆制肥料)．
Food waste that can be composted includes fruit and vegetable peels，coffee grounds，tea bags，and eggshells.Garden waste such as stems and leaves can also be composted.Meat，fish，and dairy food waste cannot be recycled.
According to environmental groups，composting reduces the amount of trash going into landfills(垃圾填埋池)，and composted waste holds a wide range of nutrients.When compost is added to the soil in gardens and fields，it helps crops grow.
Reducing the amount of waste that goes into landfills is one reason why cities and states are passing foodwaste recycling laws.“Our landfills are far from enough for the creation of new ones is shrinking，” Renee Crowley，a project manager said.
Officials in Seattle，Washington，say that food waste makes up 30% of the trash going into landfills，and they are looking to reduce that percentage.That city has a law requiring people to recycle food waste.It is banned from all garbage.There is a fine for people who put it into regular garbage.
Crowley points out that even in cities where food recycling is not a law，there are often places where citizens can drop off their food waste for composting.Many schools and colleges have also started composting programs.
Those who are against foodrecycling laws say that the composting process is costly.In addition，it can be difficult for people who live in apartments to store their waste because they don’t have access to outside storage bins.Patti Ferguson from Orange County，California，told the local newspaper that she thought an indoor container containing food waste would get smelly.

语篇解读　很多城市制定了法律要求市民循环利用纸类和塑料，现在美国一些州通过法律让市民们循环利用食物垃圾。食物堆制的肥料可以减少垃圾、保留营养成分、帮助庄稼或花园植物成长。当然，也有反对的声音认为在室内摆放装有食物垃圾的容器有异味。

1．What do we know about composting from the text?
A．It is cheap to compost food waste.
B．Not all food waste can be reused.
C．Not all soil can be composted.
D．It is usually processed in empty landfills.
答案　B
解析　推理判断题。根据第二段可知，不是所有的食物都能堆制成肥料的，比如肉类、鱼类和奶制品就不可循环。故选B。
2．What is the third paragraph mainly about?
A．Ways of keeping nutrients in the soil.
B．Ways of reducing the amount of trash.
C．Benefits of recycling food waste.
D．Examples of different useful nutrients.
答案　C
解析　段落大意题。根据第三段内容可知，环保小组称堆制肥料可以减少垃圾、保留营养成分、帮助庄稼或花园植物成长，这些都是堆制肥料的优点。故选C。
3．In Seattle，throwing food waste into garbage is.
A．illegal       B．shameful
C．required       D．acceptable
答案　A
解析　细节理解题。根据第五段中的“That city has a law requiring people to recycle food waste.It is banned from all garbage.There is a fine for people who put it into regular garbage.”可知，在美国西雅图，往垃圾桶丢弃食物垃圾是违法的，对这一类人要罚款。故选A。
4．Patti Ferguson’s attitude towards foodrecycling laws is probably.
A．thankful       B．supportive
C．uncaring       D．negative
答案　D
解析　观点态度题。最后一段在提到有人反对食物循环法案时是以Patti Ferguson为例，由此判断出她对该法案持反对的态度。thankful 感激的；supportive支持的；uncaring漠不关心的；negative否定的。故选D。
B
The earth is dying before us yet we sit and watch.If the TV or the game system breaks，we run off to the stores to get it fixed immediately no matter what the cost.Why aren’t we willing to fix our earth？Are our televisions and game systems more important to us than where we live？Where shall we continue to live，until the end of time?
The earth is our home and cannot be replaced.We must take care of it.We have come up with so much technology that limits us instead of helping us.Take that game system we run to repair for example.What does it do？It occupies kids’ time! The earth has already given kids plenty of entertainment in the forms of fields and hills，forests and plains，water and land.However，instead of using what the earth has given us，and helping kids by giving them exercise as they run around，we decide to ruin kids’ minds with game systems that glue them to the screen for hours，and make them ignore their homework and chores.We have polluted this earth by making these things which do not even help in any way!
We have already messed up this world；we have ruined the air，water and animals that it has so willingly provided for us.We need to stop this destruction of life and bring back the world we had before.It will not be easy，but everybody can help! What about something as simple as turning the lights off when you leave a room？Recycling what can be recycled？Picking up litter？Donating money to an environmental organization？None of these things are very hard.We can’t just always say，“Oh，the earth is a mess.Ah，well，those big companies that are polluting so much can stop and fix it.” Instead，we need to help out.It’s not only those big companies；it’s everyday things that we do too that are ruining the earth.So stop and think about what you can do to make a difference to our world!

语篇解读　本文通过对比我们对电视机和游戏系统的态度和对地球的态度，呼吁人们停止破坏人类赖以生存的家园，珍惜资源、爱护环境、保护地球。

5．Why does the author mention televisions and game systems in Paragraph 1?
A．To make people better aware of the urgency to the protection of the earth.
B．To expose the great harm done to the earth by too much technology waste.
C．To show the relationship between overuse of those things and early death.
D．To remind people to spend less on them and use the saved money in a wiser way.
答案　A
解析　推理判断题。作者通过对比我们对电视机和游戏系统的态度指出，如果电视机或游戏机坏了，人们就会马上拿去修理，而人们生活的地球出现问题了，人们却无动于衷。故可推知，作者作出对比的目的是让人们意识到保护地球的紧迫性，A项正确。
6．It can be inferred from the second paragraph that the author .
A．thinks we must take care of our irreplaceable home—the earth
B．thinks running around in fields occupies too much of kids’ time
C．takes an extremely negative attitude to things like game systems
D．takes it for granted that technology gives kids plenty of entertainment
答案　C
解析　推理判断题。结合第二段文意可知，作者认为地球已经给孩子提供了很多可以玩耍的地方，然而人们却让孩子沉迷于游戏，作者对这一点非常不认可，因此C项“对游戏之类的事物持极度的否定态度”符合题意。
7．What is the main purpose of the passage?
A．To criticize those big companies that ruin the earth.
B．To ask people to save kids from the harm done by pollution.
C．To give kids plenty of entertainment in a clean environment.
D．To call on people to stop ruining the earth.
答案　D
解析　写作目的题。结合全文可知，作者在第一段提出问题：为什么人们生活的地球出现问题了，人们却不去修护它？第二段作者指出地球为孩子提供了很多娱乐的场所，而人们却不懂得珍惜，使孩子沉迷于游戏当中，这对我们保护地球没有帮助反而玷污了地球；第三段呼吁人们要从小事做起，采取行动保护地球。故全文旨在呼吁人们停止破坏人类赖以生存的地球。故选D。
Ⅳ.七选五
As is known to all，we are always consuming various foods.We have to spend large parts of our days finding，buying，cooking and eating our food.Did you ever think it might be nice to be able to make your own food like plants do？1 They perform a process called photosynthesis(光合作用) using light from the sun，water and carbon dioxide.The end result of this chemical reaction is sugar for the plant to “eat”．The plant gives off water and oxygen.
2 Plants have special structures called chloroplasts(叶绿体) that animals don’t have.These structures are filled with chlorophyll(叶绿素)，which gives leafy green plants their green color.Their main job is to absorb light from the sun.Chloroplasts can absorb every color except green.Light makes chlorophyll active.It creates an energy that separates water out into hydrogen and oxygen.
3 Hydrogen from the water combines with carbon from the carbon dioxide we breathe out.Oxygen is sent out into the air.
4 Plants rely on the carbon dioxide that we breathe out，and we rely on the oxygen that they “breathe” out.This is one good reason for protecting plant life on Earth.Many plants can produce a constant supply of oxygen for us.We need plants in order to survive.
Conservation projects around the globe are aimed at protecting our natural resources，including numerous species of plants.5
A．Plants are producers.
B．Chemical reactions take place.
C．Animals can’t live without water.
D．People and plants make perfect partners.
E．So how do plants do it，and why can’t we?
F．There would be too much carbon dioxide in the air.
G．Our quality of life and the fresh air we breathe depend upon our green plant partners.

语篇解读　人类和植物是非常完美的合作者，我们的生活质量和我们所呼吸的新鲜空气都依赖于我们的植物伙伴，所以我们要保护自然资源和各种各样的植物。

1．答案　A
解析　根据下文描述的光合作用的过程和结果可知，植物能够自己制造食物，即植物是生产者，故选A。
2．答案　E
解析　根据下文的“Plants have special structures called chloroplasts(叶绿体) that animals don’t have.”可知，这里说的是植物和动物的一大区别，故E项(植物是如何做的，为什么我们就不能)符合题意。
3．答案　B
解析　根据下文的“Hydrogen from the water combines with carbon from the carbon dioxide we breathe out.Oxygen is sent out into the air.”可知，这里指的是化学反应发生，故选B。
4．答案　D
解析　根据下文的“Plants rely on the carbon dioxide that we breathe out，and we rely on the oxygen that they ‘breathe’ out.”可知，人类和植物是非常完美的合作者，故选D。
5．答案　G
解析　由全文内容和空前的“Conservation projects around the globe are aimed at protecting our natural resources，including numerous species of plants.”可知，G项“我们的生活质量和我们所呼吸的新鲜空气都依赖于我们的植物伙伴”符合语境，故选G。

		自动登录	找回密码
密码			立即注册

[人教版] 21（选必3） Unit 3 Grammar—Direct speech & indirect speech（导学案1）